Chapter 14 answers

The manifest recommends a second-edition citation with 2021 and separately records final release on August 31, 2022. Preserve both as distinct source statements and document the ambiguity. Do not substitute retrieval year or silently declare one date a typographical error. The source record therefore distinguishes the recommended citation year from the separately stated final-release date.

Fictional training example — not legal authority.

Lina Vale & Omar Reed, Writing from Evidence 42 (3d ed. 2025). Author names remain roman and in supplied order; the title is italicized; the page directly follows the title without at in this full-book pattern. The edition and year identify the fictional publication. No actual book or author contribution is represented by these training names.

Fictional training example — not legal authority.

Lina Vale, Source Cards in Practice, 12 Harbor L. Rev. 100, 108 (2025). Page 100 identifies the article's start; 108 locates the supplied passage. The title is italicized while the author's name and journal identification remain roman in the practitioner pattern. The fictional journal label is supplied syntax practice, not a verified real periodical abbreviation.

Fictional training example — not legal authority.

Vale & Reed, supra, at 42. The prior full citation and absence of another work by those authors make the reference recoverable under the supplied context. If a different work or ambiguity is later introduced, add a distinguishing short title or more identification. The at locator is appropriate to this shorter book reference, unlike the full-book page placement.

Fictional training example — not legal authority.

Add a clear short title alongside the author's name or repeat enough full information to identify one work. The source must remain linked to an earlier full citation within the document and the pinpoint must belong to that work. A surname alone cannot distinguish several publications by the same person. Do not invent a short title unrelated to the actual title.

Fictional training example — not legal authority.

Preserve the chapter author's identity and the collection editors' separate roles, along with chapter/collection titles, locators, edition, and year as applicable. An editor does not become the author of the chapter merely because the collection's title page lists editors. The final source-specific format should represent the work actually used. The exercise supplies no complete names to fabricate.

Fictional training example — not legal authority.

Lina Vale, Source Cards in Practice, 12 Harbor L. Rev. 100, 108 (2025). Restore the identifying first page 100 and retain 108 as the passage pinpoint. The supplied article, journal, and author are fictional training material. A full article citation identifies both the article and the relied-on location; page 108 alone wrongly substitutes the passage page for the article's beginning.

The online supplement may have its own title, publication structure, dates, and locators. Inspect those fields and cite that actual source. Assigning print pagination from an uninspected or different version invents a source location. If an exact print counterpart is verified, apply the appropriate source convention and record the relationship rather than assuming all online journal content shares print pages.

Fictional training example — not legal authority.

The article argues that the legislature should adopt a new exception. Attribute that proposal to the author/article and cite its supporting passage. A recommendation is not evidence the exception is enacted. To state present law, locate the applicable enacted text and relevant interpretive sources. The repair changes the claim's legal status while preserving the author's actual contribution.